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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many people suffering from ADHD have comorbid disorders like major depression (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many sufferers do not respond to depression medications and may benefit from psychotherapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and increase levels of certain brain chemicals. The most commonly prescribed stimulants are methylphenidate, amphetamine and other similar drugs. Medicines Adults can use many drugs that are prescribed for ADHD in children. The dosages and the side effects differ. I Am Psychiatry will take a look at the medical history, the family health history and other factors of the individual to determine which medicine is best. The most popular kind of ADHD medication is a stimulant. It adjusts levels of two chemical messengers within the brain called norepinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants such as methylphenidate (also known as Adderall) and dextroamphetamine enhance the supply of neurotransmitters that aid in improving concentration, decrease impulsivity, and decrease aggression. They come in many forms, including chewable tablets, liquids, and skin patches. These long-acting stimulants are favored as they lead to better patient compliance and an easier, longer-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that co-existing conditions like depression and anxiety disorders can influence the response to ADHD medication. It is therefore recommended that psychiatric disorders be treated first, with medication used as secondary measure. Some medications that can be used to treat comorbid mood disorders include bupropion, atomoxetine and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004).). Some patients may experience a “rebound” effect, where they experience a worsening of ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medications. In these cases an experiment of a short duration with a low-dose stimulant medication may be helpful. Certain people are not able to tolerate stimulant medication or cannot use it due to the misuse of drugs or other health issues such as severe hypertension or heart issues. In these instances, non-stimulant medication such as atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These medications don't cause the same adverse effects as stimulants, and they are less likely to be misused or diverted. Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD are able to benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help those with ADHD to improve their lives, deal with stress and anxiety, manage conflicts, or manage issues at work or in relationships. It can also help co-existing mental disorders such as depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These therapies are based on the notion that a person's beliefs and thoughts influence how they behave, think and feel. CBT helps a person recognize negative behavior and thought patterns, and then formulates and implements strategies to change these patterns. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy uses meditation techniques to teach people how to focus on their emotions and thoughts, manage their impulses, and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy and other types of psychotherapy focusing on the family history of a person could be beneficial for those suffering from ADHD with significant secondary issues. In addition to medication psychotherapy can assist in addressing the particular issues caused by ADHD, such as trouble getting through schoolwork, resolving conflicts and being able to get together with others, losing important dates or responsibilities and making impulsive choices that result in legal or financial problems. Psychotherapy can also help people to identify and overcome issues that may cause ADHD symptoms, such as depression or anxiety. Psychotherapy can help someone develop healthy coping strategies and reduce stress through exercise, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also provide support to an individual in the family or with a spouse who is struggling with the effects ADHD affects their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can help families and couples learn to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is a kind of psychotherapy which focuses on helping clients change their negative thinking patterns. It involves a dialogue based on skills with a mental health professional to address the underlying reason for the symptoms. The aim of this treatment is to correct the limitations and implement coping strategies that fit with the person's everyday life. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients to recognize harmful thought patterns and help them develop skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take a long time. However, it's a good alternative for adults who are not getting adequate relief from medications. In an upcoming RCT, it was found that cognitive behavioral therapy combined with medication is superior over cognitive behavior therapy by itself when it comes to improving the core symptoms, emotional symptom self-esteem, and social performance in adults with ADHD (Clarke, et al. 2017). CBT coupled with methylphenidate could be particularly effective for those who suffer from more serious underlying issues. Therapists who provide this type of treatment work with clients to devise an action plan to address their specific issues. They usually teach them the fundamentals of therapy that are simple to implement and have a high chance of being successful. A chart system is often utilized to track progress and reward positive behaviour. This might include an everyday report for children that lists the tasks they must complete at school, or the positive behavior that must be demonstrated, and an organized system for monitoring and rewarding. The therapists could also consider creating negative consequences if the child fails to complete their work. This can be done with sensitivity and encouragement. Metacognitive Therapy A newer type of therapy, metacognitive therapy helps people change the way they think. This type of treatment can be beneficial for people with a variety of mental health issues which include depression. It's a kind of cognitive behavioral therapy that assists people recognize their negative thinking patterns and how they affect their emotions. This kind of therapy can help to develop psychological tools that can be adaptable and beneficial. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To this end we examined the relationship between self- and informant-rated deficits in daily functioning with predictors of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge as well as regulation of cognition debugging, information management, and evaluation). It was observed that comprehensive knowledge was related to daily functioning in adults with ADHD but that the processes of regulation were not. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power, which suggests that they could be the cause of significant variance in daily functioning of adults with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an intervention that focuses on changing metacognitive beliefs that cause dysfunction and perpetuate mental states such as worry, rumination and attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model developed by Wells and Gerald Matthews. A case series has proven the effectiveness of MCT in managing illness anxiety, but it's still relatively in its infancy and more research is needed to determine its efficacy for other disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MCT in the reduction of symptoms of illness anxiety disorder, but it can be applied to a range of disorders and may even be more effective than other therapies. It is important to keep it in mind that this isn't an effective treatment for ADHD but it could be employed as an alternative therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, the Therapist works with the entire family. This helps all family members understand the client's problems and learn how to support their loved one better. It also assists them in finding ways to deal with their own anxieties and improve their communication skills. This type of counseling could also be used to address other comorbidities, such as addiction and depression which are frequently associated with ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session in order to understand the family's perception and determine whether they are suitable for intervention with the family. The session can be conducted in person or online. The therapist will explain to each participant the purpose of therapy and the do's & don'ts for family therapy. A therapist who has worked with adults suffering from ADHD will ask a lot of questions to gain an understanding of their present symptoms, their past, and the impact they have on their family, work and personal relationships. They will also ask if there are any other mental health issues like anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a structured form of counseling that teaches you how to change your negative thinking patterns and manage your behavior. It concentrates on improving self-esteem and self-control by teaching techniques to cope with stress and anger. It is a treatment option for short-term use that can be used in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy. Individual therapy can help people suffering from ADHD overcome emotional baggage from longstanding patterns of underachievement, failure academic struggles frequent job changes, and relationship conflict. It can help you learn strategies for managing stress and coping and teach you how to manage your time and money more effectively. It can also help with comorbid disorders such as mood and anxiety disorders, which are often seen with ADHD.